Impacto del estrés sobre los procesos cognitivos y el aprendizaje
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Date
2017
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Universidad Católica Luis Amigo
Abstract
Bajo la mirada de la teoría ecológica de Bronfenbrenner (1998) y asumiendo una postura con enfoque biopsicosocial, la definición del estrés es: una imposición individual y/o social, que es la situación estresante, la cual excede los recursos de adaptación del ser humano y pone en riesgo su bienestar; pero que, al mismo tiempo, lo lleva a desarrollar ciertas habilidades, recursos y capacidades para controlar dichas situaciones (Sierra, Ortega y Zubeidat; 2003). Los múltiples factores se pueden valorar en forma holística desde elementos dinámicos y sinérgicos en lo biopsicosocial, lo ambiental, lo genético, lo epigenético, los procesos congénitos, el desarrollo, la familia, las relaciones afectivas, las emociones, las condiciones socioeconómicas, culturales, hábitos y estilos de vida, que inciden en la conservación o alteración de la homeostasis de los entornos fisiológicos y conductuales. Se revisaron artículos investigativos que establecen relaciones de asociación entre estrés y aprendizaje; la búsqueda se realizó a partir de bases de datos indexadas seleccionando artículos bajo los criterios de inclusión. En los resultados se evidencian los efectos positivos y negativos del estrés, la favorabilidad de los niveles moderados del estrés pueden generar resultados exitosos en los procesos de aprendizaje, las consecuencias negativas se manifiestan con diversa sintomatología, afectación del funcionamiento cerebral y los procesos cognitivos. El estrés es definido por Lazarus y Folkman (1984) como la afectación bidireccional entre los factores causantes y las respuestas de afrontamiento. Para Sonia Lupien (2011) esta afectación depende de la novedad, la impredecibilidad, la sensación de descontrol y la amenaza para la personalidad. En la medida que coexisten magnifican la situación estresante, puede ser con despliegue de bienestar o malestar, y según su amenaza pueden ser absolutas y relativas, y con respecto a la duración en el tiempo pueden pasar de agudas a crónicas. El aprendizaje se constituye a partir de una serie de factores ambientales, biológicos, emocionales y culturales, los cuales influyen en los procesos de desarrollo del ser humano (Azcoaga, 1971). Todo confluye en la autorrealización (Maslow, 1998) El entrenamiento cognitivo parece ideal para la activación de la neuroplasticidad cerebral, proporciona la práctica sistemática necesaria para el establecimiento de nuevos circuitos neuronales y para el fortalecimiento de las conexiones sinápticas entre las neuronas (Kolb, Mohamed, y Gibb; 2010). El equilibrio emocional positivo estimula la avidez frente al conocimiento, a partir de los sentimientos positivos se pueden promover acciones buenas y placenteras que hacen que las personas logren los objetivos planteados para alcanzar su autorrealización (Rodríguez, 2016). Analizar el estrés en todas las etapas de la vida, permite identificar situaciones comunes como humanos, en esta revisión se priorizan las etapas en proceso de maduración cerebral, la influencia en los procesos de aprendizaje, el ambiente en el cual interactúan, las motivaciones, las afectividades y las emociones. Para la humanidad se advierte un panorama alarmante según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (Citado: Gutiérrez, Montoya, Toro, Briñón, Rosas y Salazar, 2010) en consecuencia del estrés la depresión explicaría hacia el futuro la discapacidad como primera causa.
Under the perspective of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory (1998) and assuming a biopsychosocial approach, the definition of stress is: an individual and/or social imposition, which is the stressful situation, which exceeds the human being's adaptation resources and puts their well-being at risk; but, at the same time, leads them to develop certain skills, resources, and capacities to control such situations (Sierra, Ortega and Zubeidat; 2003). The multiple factors can be holistically valued from dynamic and synergistic elements in the biopsychosocial, environmental, genetic, epigenetic, congenital processes, development, family, affective relationships, emotions, socioeconomic and cultural conditions, habits, and lifestyles, which affect the conservation or alteration of the homeostasis of physiological and behavioral environments. Investigative articles that establish association relationships between stress and learning were reviewed; the search was carried out based on indexed databases selecting articles under the inclusion criteria. The results show the positive and negative effects of stress, the favorability of moderate levels of stress can generate successful results in learning processes, negative consequences are manifested with diverse symptomatology, affecting brain function and cognitive processes. Stress is defined by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) as the bidirectional effect between causal factors and coping responses. According to Sonia Lupien (2011), this effect depends on novelty, unpredictability, feeling of lack of control, and threat to personality. As they coexist, they magnify the stressful situation, which can result in well-being or discomfort, and depending on the threat, they can be absolute and relative, and regarding their duration over time, they can go from acute to chronic. Learning is constituted from a series of environmental, biological, emotional, and cultural factors, which influence the human being's development processes (Azcoaga, 1971). Everything converges in self-actualization (Maslow, 1998). Cognitive training seems ideal for activating brain neuroplasticity, providing the systematic practice necessary for establishing new neural circuits and strengthening synaptic connections between neurons (Kolb, Mohamed, and Gibb; 2010). Positive emotional balance stimulates eagerness for knowledge, based on positive feelings, good and pleasant actions can be promoted that allow people to achieve the goals set to reach their self-actualization (Rodríguez, 2016). Analyzing stress at all stages of life allows identifying common human situations; in this review, the stages in the process of brain maturation, the influence on learning processes, the environment in which they interact, motivations, affectivity, and emotions are prioritized. For humanity, an alarming panorama is warned according to the World Health Organization (Cited: Gutiérrez, Montoya, Toro, Briñón, Rosas y Salazar, 2010); as a consequence of stress, depression would explain disability as the primary cause in the future.
Under the perspective of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory (1998) and assuming a biopsychosocial approach, the definition of stress is: an individual and/or social imposition, which is the stressful situation, which exceeds the human being's adaptation resources and puts their well-being at risk; but, at the same time, leads them to develop certain skills, resources, and capacities to control such situations (Sierra, Ortega and Zubeidat; 2003). The multiple factors can be holistically valued from dynamic and synergistic elements in the biopsychosocial, environmental, genetic, epigenetic, congenital processes, development, family, affective relationships, emotions, socioeconomic and cultural conditions, habits, and lifestyles, which affect the conservation or alteration of the homeostasis of physiological and behavioral environments. Investigative articles that establish association relationships between stress and learning were reviewed; the search was carried out based on indexed databases selecting articles under the inclusion criteria. The results show the positive and negative effects of stress, the favorability of moderate levels of stress can generate successful results in learning processes, negative consequences are manifested with diverse symptomatology, affecting brain function and cognitive processes. Stress is defined by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) as the bidirectional effect between causal factors and coping responses. According to Sonia Lupien (2011), this effect depends on novelty, unpredictability, feeling of lack of control, and threat to personality. As they coexist, they magnify the stressful situation, which can result in well-being or discomfort, and depending on the threat, they can be absolute and relative, and regarding their duration over time, they can go from acute to chronic. Learning is constituted from a series of environmental, biological, emotional, and cultural factors, which influence the human being's development processes (Azcoaga, 1971). Everything converges in self-actualization (Maslow, 1998). Cognitive training seems ideal for activating brain neuroplasticity, providing the systematic practice necessary for establishing new neural circuits and strengthening synaptic connections between neurons (Kolb, Mohamed, and Gibb; 2010). Positive emotional balance stimulates eagerness for knowledge, based on positive feelings, good and pleasant actions can be promoted that allow people to achieve the goals set to reach their self-actualization (Rodríguez, 2016). Analyzing stress at all stages of life allows identifying common human situations; in this review, the stages in the process of brain maturation, the influence on learning processes, the environment in which they interact, motivations, affectivity, and emotions are prioritized. For humanity, an alarming panorama is warned according to the World Health Organization (Cited: Gutiérrez, Montoya, Toro, Briñón, Rosas y Salazar, 2010); as a consequence of stress, depression would explain disability as the primary cause in the future.
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Arcila Arango, L. P.; Arcila Arango, M. A. (). Impacto del estrés sobre los procesos cognitivos y el aprendizaje [Artículo de revisión, Universidad Católica Luis amigo]. Repositorio.